Wat zijn gevaarlijke goederen?
Volgens de Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) Manual van de International Air Transport Association (IATA) zijn „Dangerous goods” (ook wel hazardous materials of hazmat) artikelen of stoffen die een gevaar kunnen vormen voor gezondheid, veiligheid, eigendom of het milieu. Omdat deze producten ernstig gevaar vormen en veel zorg vereisen, is het belangrijk te weten wat een gevaarlijk goed is.
Hieronder volgen enkele voorbeelden van gevaarlijke materialen:
- Aerosol spray receptacles
- Ammunition and gun powders
- Carbon dioxide canisters and cylinders
- Dry ice
- Fuels
- Lighters and matches
- Lithium batteries
- Oxygen tanks
- Smoke detectors
- Wood treatment products
Dit is slechts een korte lijst; er zijn veel meer gevaarlijke goederen dan hierboven vermeld.
The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates the transportation of materials in the United States (US). DOT’s specific regulations decide what makes the list of hazardous materials and specify how to conduct every aspect of shipping hazardous materials. The prerequisites and entire process of sending a hazardous good may appear excessive, but these stipulations are necessary to ensure the proper and safe transportation of dangerous products.
Wat u moet doen om gevaarlijke goederen te verzenden
Binnenlands verzenden in de VS
Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the Department of Transportation’s regulations for transporting hazardous materials via the U.S. road system. The steps required to ship hazmat domestically in the US are as follows:
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Bepaal of een consumentenproduct gevaarlijk is.
- Find the safety data sheet (SDS), which is prepared by the manufacturer. The SDS, formerly referred to as the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), can usually be found on the manufacturer's website or by searching the product name and “SDS” or “MSDS.”
- Het SDS bevat een transportgevaarclassificatie met een viercijferig ID-nummer, proper shipping name, hazard class en packing group.
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Gebruik de SDS-informatie om de Hazardous material-tabel (hierboven) correct in te vullen.
- De classificatie of division bepaalt vereisten voor verpakking, markering, labeling en verzendpapieren.
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Verpak, markeer en label uw gevaarlijke goederen.
- Verpakking: Afhankelijk van materialen en hoeveelheden kan performance packaging of United Nations (UN) standard packaging vereist zijn. UN-verpakking is getest en gecertificeerd door een PHMSA-goedgekeurde instantie. PHMSA heeft een gids voor performance packaging-markeringen.
- Marking and labeling: Place the necessary hazard labels on your package. This may include the shipper’s information, ID number, and/or hazard class labels.
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Werk samen met uw gekozen vervoerder.
- Neem contact op met uw vervoerder om alle informatie te verifiëren en extra vereisten te controleren voor snelle en veilige aflevering.
Internationaal verzenden
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the trade association for the world’s airlines and works closely with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to provide regulations for shipping hazardous materials internationally. The steps required to ship hazmat internationally are as follows:
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Identificeer, bereid voor en declareer gevaarlijke goederen.
- Identificatie: Identificatie en paperwork voor internationale zendingen is uitgebreider dan binnenlands.
- Voorbereiding: Het pakket moet adequaat worden voorbereid, inclusief alle stappen uit de vorige sectie (Binnenlands verzenden in de VS).
- Declaratie: Verzenders moeten een Dangerous Goods Declaration invullen die certificeert dat de zending is gelabeld, verpakt en gedeclareerd volgens IATA DGR.
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De dangerous goods checklist moet worden ingevuld door een operator. De operator/vervoerder vervoert de goederen.
- An operator uses the dangerous goods checklist to ensure the shipper’s submission complies with the DGR.
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Operators laden gevaarlijke pakketten op trucks, boten of vliegtuigen.
- While operators are loading, it is crucial to store and load specific hazardous goods apart from each other. Hazardous goods can never be stored or shipped next to food items. The operator must confirm the package’s security along with the other items being shipped. This is imperative so that the packages don’t move around during transport, which can result in damaged packages or much worse.
Bijzondere gevallen bij gevaarlijke goederen
Er zijn bijzondere gevallen met meer of minder regels: de minimis quantities, consumer commodities, limited quantities, excepted quantities en infectious substances zoals dry ice en lithiumbatterijen.
De minimis quantities
De minimis quantities verwijst hier naar de drempelhoeveelheid hazmat in een zending. When a hazmat commodity is under the de minimis threshold (1mL for liquids and 1g for solids per each inner package), possible shipping variations may be required, but the shipment needs to be correctly identified by the shipper. If the hazmat shipment meets the following stipulations, then it’s subject to different regulations:
- Must be shipped in accordance with IATA 2.6.10.
- The maximum net quantity of the material per each inner package is limited to 1ml/~0.033 fluid oz. for liquids and 1g/~0.035 oz. for solids.
- The provisions of sections 2.6.5 and 2.6.6 are met.
- The maximum net quantity per total package of dangerous goods does not exceed 100 ml/~3.38 fluid oz. for liquids and 100g/~3.53 oz. for solids.
Consumer commodities
Consumer commodities zijn gevaarlijke materialen verpakt voor detailverkoop. Domestically shipped consumer commodities fall under the class of Other Regulated Material (ORM-D) according to the U.S. DOT regulations. Internationally shipped consumer commodities fall under Class 9 (Miscellaneous- doesn’t fit the qualifications of any other class).
Consumer commodity shipments must:
- have a rectangular ORM-D marking for domestic shipments or "ORM-D Air" for domestic shipments by UPS Air or USPS
- have a class 9 miscellaneous hazard label for international shipments
- follow packing instructions Y963 for consumer commodity shipments
- have "consumer commodity” marking and labeling
Consumer commodity shipments are exempt from:
- Placarding of trucks
- A signed shippers certification for ground shipments
- UN approved packaging
Limited quantities
There is a UN Dangerous Goods List that has more than 2,000 entries of the most frequently transported dangerous goods. Section 7a of the list indicates the maximum amount per inner packaging that qualifies hazmat as a limited quantity shipment.
Limited quantity shipments must:
- be shipped under the Limited Quantity Provision of subsection 2.7
- be marked with the limited quantities mark
- follow packing instructions Y963 for Limited Quantity shipments.
Limited quantity shipments are exempt from:
- UN specification performance-oriented packaging
- Hazmat markings
- Hazard labels
- Hazard placards
- Shipping papers and emergency response information (needed regardless of quantity for air transportation).
Excepted quantities
Section 7b of the UN Dangerous Goods List provides a code that can be referenced to specify the maximum quantity per inner and outer packaging for hazmat items that qualify as an excepted quantities shipment.
Excepted quantity shipments must:
- be shipped in accordance with IATA 2.6.
- be packaged so that the maximum quantity in individual inner packaging complies with the limits specified for Excepted Quantities according to the class, division, and packing group, or as specified for a particular entry
Excepted quantity shipments are exempt from:
- Hazmat dangerous goods markings
- Hazmat goods labelings
- Dangerous goods documentation
- Normal dangerous goods loading requirements
Infectious substances
Infectious substances bevatten micro-organismen die bekend of redelijkerwijs ziekte kunnen veroorzaken. There are specific stipulations when shipping infectious substances. The substances must be shipped using IATA instructions 3.6.2.
- Dry ice shipped by itself as a refrigerant: Use IATA packing instruction 954.
- Lithium batteries: Although lithium batteries are a popular source of energy, they are also dangerous goods that need to be prepared in accordance with transport regulations.
USPS: Nieuwe hazmat-poststandaarden
- Postal Service's interim issued some new mailing standards regarding hazmat on Monday, June 6. These mailing standards require the separation of hazmat in the mail. The rules go into effect immediately but allow for a 30-day comment period, which USPS will review and can implement changes if necessary. See the full Federal Register notice with the new requirements.
- All commercial mailers handling hazmat must separate the hazardous from non-hazardous and present hazmat in a separate container, hazmat has to be in its own container.
- Lithium batteries in pre-owned, damaged, and defective electronic devices must go on surface transportation, they are no longer allowed on commercial airlines because of the risks they pose.
Note: Only preowned, damaged, or defective electronic devices with lithium batteries must go on surface transportation. The regulation does not apply to new cellphones shipping out from the original manufacturers or their authorized sellers. Regular rules remain such as, labeling or non-labeling requirements for these devices.
- USPS is allowing a 90-day grace period before the new standards must be implemented, after the alotted time consequences will be enforced. USPS wants to work collaboratively with stakeholders; however, anyone not working in good faith would warrant stricter treatment and review by Inspection Service.
- USPS is working on some other changes and rules around hazardous materials and safety over the next six-seven months, mostly concerning service type codes (STC) in the intelligent mail parcel barcode and packages entered at retail counters.
Gevolgen bij niet-naleving
Civiele boetes
Section 107.329 of Title 49 CFR states that a person who knowingly violates a requirement of the Federal hazardous material transportation law or a similar offense can face a civil penalty of up to 84,425 USD. However, the maximum civil penalty is 196,992 USD for violations that result in death, severe injury, serious illness, or substantial destruction of property. The minimum civil penalty is 508 USD for training violations. If the violation continues, each occurrence of the violation necessitates a separate offense.
Strafrechtelijke sancties
Section 107.333 of Title 49 CFR states that a person who knowingly violates a requirement of the Federal hazardous material transportation law or a similar offense can face a criminal penalty of the maximum civil penalties (previous paragraph) in addition to up to five years in prison. If the violation involves the release of hazardous material and results in death or bodily injury, the maximum prison time is ten years.
Om boetes te vermijden, raadpleeg de wettelijke vereisten in CFR en IATA bij training and responsibilities bij hazmat-verzending.
Bronnen van vervoerders
Tijdens het voorbereiden en verzenden van gevaarlijke goederen moeten verzenders close contact houden met vervoerders voor accurate informatie en extra vereisten. Onderstaande carrier resources zijn nuttig:
Recap
Gevaarlijke goederen zijn geen grap. De regels van DOT en IATA moeten strikt worden gevolgd.
Wie biedt training voor gevaarlijke goederen? Hoe word ik gecertificeerd?
IATA offers DGR courses and diplomas to help you stay up to date with the latest industry regulations and procedures to ensure your dangerous goods shipments comply with industry standards. IATA has an industry-recognized DGR Manual, which will assist you in gaining your certificate to handle dangerous goods shipments.
Hoe lang duurt het om mijn Dangerous Goods Training te voltooien?
First, you must receive initial dangerous goods training, which is for anyone who has not received previous training or for employees whose previous training certificate has expired. Then you must take revalidation training every two years for Dangerous Goods by Air, and three years on all other courses.
Gevaarlijke goederen verzenden
: Alles wat u moet weten.Met de gevaren en beperkingen bij het behandelen en verzenden van gevaarlijke materialen is het belangrijk het volgende te begrijpen voor de veiligheid van uw hazmat-pakketten en de personen die ze behandelen: